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Excerpts -
Mikhail Gorbachev
United
Nations Address - Mikhail Gorbachev (Excerpts)
New York, NY
7 December 1988
Address to
43rd General Assembly
Two great
revolutions, the French revolution of 1789 and the Russian
revolution of 1917, have exerted a powerful influence on the
actual nature of the historical process and radically changed
the course of world events. Both of them, each in its own way,
have given a gigantic impetus to man's progress. They are also
the ones that have formed in many respects the way of thinking
which is still prevailing in the public consciousness.
That is a very great spiritual wealth,
but there emerges before
us today a different world, for which it is necessary to seek
different roads toward the future, to seek -- relying, of
course, on accumulated experience -- but also seeing the radical
differences between that which was yesterday and that which is
taking place today.
The newness of the tasks, and at the same time their difficulty,
are not limited to this. Today we have entered an era when
progress will be based on the interests of all mankind.
Consciousness of this requires that world policy, too, should be
determined by the priority of the values of all mankind.
The history of the past centuries and millennia has been a
history of almost ubiquitous wars, and sometimes desperate
battles, leading to mutual destruction. They occurred in the
clash of social and political interests and national hostility,
be it from ideological or religious incompatibility. All that
was the case, and even now many still claim that this past --
which has not been overcome -- is an immutable pattern. However,
parallel with the process of wars, hostility, and alienation of
peoples and countries, another process, just as objectively
conditioned, was in motion and gaining force: The process of the
emergence of a mutually connected and integral world.
Further world progress is now possible only through the search
for a consensus of all mankind, in movement toward a new world
order. We have arrived at a frontier at which controlled
spontaneity leads to a dead end. The world community must learn
to shape and direct the process in such a way as to preserve
civilization, to make it safe for all and more pleasant for
normal life. It is a question of cooperation that could be more
accurately called "co-creation" and "co-development." The
formula of development "at another's expense" is becoming
outdated. In light of present realities, genuine progress by
infringing upon the rights and liberties of man and peoples, or
at the expense of nature, is impossible.
The very tackling of global problems requires a new "volume" and
"quality" of cooperation by states and sociopolitical currents
regardless of ideological and other differences.
Of course, radical and revolutionary changes are taking place
and will continue to take place within individual countries and
social structures. This has been and will continue to be the
case, but our times are making corrections here, too. Internal
transformational processes cannot achieve their national
objectives merely by taking "course parallel" with others
without using the achievements of the surrounding world and the
possibilities of equitable cooperation. In these conditions,
interference in those internal processes with the aim of
altering them according to someone else's prescription would be
all the more destructive for the emergence of a peaceful order.
In the past, differences often served as a factor in puling away
from one another. Now they are being given the opportunity to be
a factor in mutual enrichment and attraction. Behind differences
in social structure, in the way of life, and in the preference
for certain values, stand interests. There is no getting away
from that, but neither is there any getting away from the need
to find a balance of interests within an international
framework, which has become a condition for survival and
progress. As you ponder all this, you come to the conclusion
that if we wish to take account of the lessons of the past and
the realities of the present, if we must reckon with the
objective logic of world development, it is necessary to seek --
and the seek jointly -- an approach toward improving the
international situation and building a new world. If that is so,
then it is also worth agreeing on the fundamental and truly
universal prerequisites and principles for such activities.
It
is evident, for example, that force and the threat of force can
no longer be, and should not be instruments of foreign policy.
[...]
The compelling necessity of the principle of freedom of choice
is also clear to us. The failure to recognize this, to recognize
it, is fraught with very dire consequences, consequences for
world peace. Denying that right to the peoples, no matter what
the pretext, no matter what the words are used to conceal it,
means infringing upon even the unstable balance that is, has
been possible to achieve.
Freedom of choice is a universal principle to which there should
be no exceptions. We have not come to the conclusion of the
immutability of this principle simply through good motives. We
have been led to it through impartial analysis of the objective
processes of our time. The increasing varieties of social
development in different countries are becoming in ever more
perceptible feature of these processes. This relates to both the
capitalist and socialist systems. The variety of sociopolitical
structures which has grown over the last decades from national
liberation movements also demonstrates this.
This objective fact
presupposes respect for other people's vies and stands,
tolerance, a preparedness to see phenomena that are different as
not necessarily bad or hostile, and an ability to learn to live
side by side while remaining different and not agreeing with one
another on every issue.
The de-ideologization of interstate relations has become a
demand of the new stage. We are not giving up our convictions,
philosophy, or traditions. Neither are we calling on anyone else
to give up theirs. Yet we are not going to shut ourselves up
within the range of our values. That would lead to spiritual
impoverishment, for it would mean renouncing so powerful a
source of development as sharing all the original things created
independently by each nation. In the course of such sharing,
each should prove the advantages of his own system, his own way
of life and values, but not through words or propaganda alone,
but through real deeds as well. That is, indeed, an honest
struggle of ideology, but it must not be carried over into
mutual relations between states. Otherwise we simply will not be
able to solve a single world problem; arrange broad, mutually
advantageous and equitable cooperation between peoples; manage
rationally the achievements of the scientific and technical
revolution; transform world economic relations; protect the
environment; overcome underdevelopment; or put an end to hunger,
disease, illiteracy, and other mass ills. Finally, in that case,
we will not manage to eliminate the nuclear threat and
militarism.
Such are our reflections on the natural order of things in the
world on the threshold of the 21st century. We are, of course,
far from claiming to have infallible truth, but having subjected
the previous realities -- realities that have arisen again -- to
strict analysis, we have come to the conclusion that it is by
precisely such approaches that we must search jointly for a way
to achieve the supremacy of the common human idea over the
countless multiplicity of centrifugal forces, to preserve the
vitality of a civilization that is possible that only one in the
universe. [...]
Our country is undergoing a truly revolutionary upsurge. The
process of restructuring is gaining pace; We started by
elaborating the theoretical concepts of restructuring; we had to
assess the nature and scope of the problems, to interpret the
lessons of the past, and to express this in the form of
political conclusions and programs. This was done. The
theoretical work, the re-interpretation of what had happened,
the final elaboration, enrichment, and correction of political
stances have not ended. They continue. However, it was
fundamentally important to start from an overall concept, which
is already now being confirmed by the experience of past years,
which has turned out to be generally correct and to which there
is no alternative.
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[Note: See Al
Gore - reinvention of government...
To help strengthen and
support democracy and economic development in countries
throughout the world, Vice
President Gore proposed the development of a Global Information
Infrastructure. He led the U.S. delegation to the
inauguration of the first freely elected President of South
Africa, Nelson Mandela, and has worked closely with Russian
Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin to build a partnership
between the two former adversaries. The
Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission was formed by
Presidents Clinton and Yeltsin to foster economic cooperation
between their nations, particularly on the issues of space
cooperation, business, science and technology, defense
conversion, energy and the environment.
His leadership was critical in getting
passage through Congress of the historic North American Free
Trade Agreement.
http://www.channelingreality.com/NWO_WTO/Global_Information_Infrastructure.htm
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In order to involve society in implementing the plans for
restructuring it had to be made more truly democratic. Under the
badge of democratization, restructuring has now encompassed
politics, the economy, spiritual life, and ideology. We have
unfolded a radical economic reform, we have accumulated
experience, and from the new year we are transferring the entire
national economy to new forms and work methods. Moreover, this
means a profound reorganization of production relations and the
realization of the immense potential of socialist property.
In moving toward such bold revolutionary transformations, we
understood that there would be errors, that there would be
resistance, that the novelty would bring new problems. We
foresaw the possibility of breaking in individual sections.
However, the profound democratic reform of the entire system of
power and government is the guarantee that the overall process
of restructuring will move steadily forward and gather
strength.
We completed the first stage of the process of political reform
with the recent decisions by the U.S.S.R. Supreme Soviet on
amendments to the Constitution and the adoption of the Law on
Elections. Without stopping, we embarked upon the second stage
of this. At which the most important task will be working on the
interaction between the central government and the republics,
settling relations between nationalities on the principles of
Leninist internationalism bequeathed to us by the great
revolution and, at the same time, reorganizing the power of the
Soviets locally. We are faced with immense work. At the same
time we must resolve major problems.
We are more than fully confident. We have both the theory, the
policy and the vanguard force of restructuring a party which is
also restructuring itself in accordance with the new tasks and
the radical changes throughout society. And the most important
thing: all peoples and all generations of citizens in our great
country are in favor of restructuring.
We have gone substantially and deeply into the business of
constructing a socialist state based on the rule of law. A whole
series of new laws has been prepared or is at a completion
stage. Many of them come into force as early as 1989, and we
trust that they will correspond to the highest standards from
the point of view of ensuring the rights of the individual.
Soviet democracy is to acquire a firm, normative base. This
means such acts as the Law on Freedom of Conscience, on
glasnost, on public associations and organizations, and on much
else. There are now no people in places of imprisonment in the
country who have been sentenced for their political or religious
convictions. It is proposed to include in the drafts of the new
laws additional guarantees ruling out any form or persecution on
these bases. Of course, this does not apply to those who have
committed real criminal or state offenses: espionage, sabotage,
terrorism, and so on, whatever political or philosophical views
they may hold.
The draft amendments to the criminal code are ready and waiting
their turn. In particular, those articles relating to the use of
the supreme measure of punishment are being reviewed. The
problem of exit and entry is also being resolved in a humane
spirit, including the case of leaving the country in order to be
reunited with relatives. As you know, one of the reasons for
refusal of visas is citizens' possession of secrets. Strictly
substantiated terms for the length of time for possessing
secrets are being introduced in advance. On starting work at a
relevant institution or enterprise, everyone will be made aware
of this regulation. Disputes that arise can be appealed under
the law. Thus the problem of the so-called "refuseniks" is being
removed.
We intend to expand the Soviet Union's participation in the
monitoring mechanism on human rights in the
United Nations and within the framework of the pan-European
process. We consider that the jurisdiction of the International
Court in The Hague with respect to interpreting and applying
agreements in the field of human rights should be obligatory for
all states.
Within the Helsinki process, we are also examining an end to
jamming of all the foreign radio broadcasts to the Soviet Union.
On the whole, our credo is as follows: Political problems should
be solved only by political means, and human problems only in a
humane way. [...]
Now about the most important topic, without which no problem of
the coming century can be resolved: disarmament. [...]
Today I can inform you of the following: The Soviet Union has
made a decision on reducing its armed forces. In the next two
years, their numerical strength will be reduced by 500,000
persons, and the volume of conventional arms will also be cut
considerably. These reductions will be made on a unilateral
basis, unconnected with negotiations on the mandate for the
Vienna meeting. By agreement with our allies in the Warsaw Pact,
we have made the decision to withdraw six tank divisions from
the GDR, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary, and to disband them by
1991. Assault landing formations and units, and a number of
others, including assault river-crossing forces, with their
armaments and combat equipment, will also be withdrawn from the
groups of Soviet forces situated in those countries. The Soviet
forces situated in those countries will be cut by 50,000
persons, and their arms by 5,000 tanks. All remaining Soviet
divisions on the territory of our allies will be reorganized.
They will be given a different structure from today's which will
become unambiguously defensive, after the removal of a large
number of their tanks. [...]
By this act, just as by all our actions aimed at the
demilitarization of international relations, we would also like
to draw the attention of the world community to another topical
problem, the problem of changing over from an economy of
armament to an economy of disarmament. Is the conversion of
military production realistic? I have already had occasion to
speak about this. We believe that it is, indeed, realistic. For
its part, the Soviet Union is ready to do the following.
Within
the framework of the economic reform we are ready to draw up and
submit our internal plan for conversion, to prepare in the
course of 1989, as an experiment, the plans for the conversion
of two or three defense enterprises, to publish our experience
of job relocation of specialists from the military industry, and
also of using its equipment, buildings, and works in civilian
industry, It is desirable that all states, primarily the major
military powers, submit their national plans on this issue to
the United Nations.
It would be useful to form a group of scientists, entrusting it
with a comprehensive analysis of problems of conversion as a
whole and as applied to individual countries and regions, to be
reported to the U.N. secretary-general, and later to examine
this matter at a General Assembly session.
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Note: That's
why the IPCC and the whole global climate change nonsense is so
important to them. Climate change was to become the objective
of defense industries - to make technological war on civilians
under the cover of conversion of defense industries.
http://www.channelingreality.com/NAU/IVHS/nafta_superhighway_Info_Page3.htm
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Finally, being on U.S. soil, but also for other, understandable
reasons, I cannot but turn to the subject of our relations with
this great country. ... Relations between the Soviet Union and
the United States of America span 5 1/2 decades. The world has
changed, and so have the nature, role, and place of these
relations in world politics. For too long they were built under
the banner of confrontation, and sometimes of hostility, either
open or concealed. But in the last few years, throughout the
world people were able to heave a sigh of relief, thanks to the
changes for the better in the substance and atmosphere of the
relations between Moscow and Washington.
No one intends to underestimate the serious nature of the
disagreements, and the difficulties of the problems which have
not been settled. However, we have already graduated from the
primary school of instruction in mutual understanding and in
searching for solutions in our and in the common interests. The
U.S.S.R. and the United States created the biggest nuclear
missile arsenals, but after objectively recognizing their
responsibility, they were able to be the first to conclude an
agreement on the reduction and physical destruction of a
proportion of these weapons, which threatened both themselves
and everyone else.
Both sides possess the biggest and the most refined military
secrets. But it is they who have laid the basis for and are
developing a system of mutual verification with regard to both
the destruction and the limiting and banning of armaments
production. It is they who are amassing experience for future
bilateral and multilateral agreements. We value this.
We acknowledge and value the contribution of President Ronald
Reagan and the members of his administration, above all Mr.
George Shultz. All this is capital that has been invested in a
joint undertaking of historic importance. It must not be wasted
or left out of circulation. The future U.S. administration
headed by newly elected President George Bush will find in us a
partner, ready -- without long pauses and backward movements --
to continue the dialogue in a spirit of realism, openness, and
goodwill, and with a striving for concrete results, over an
agenda encompassing the key issues of Soviet-U.S. relations and
international politics.
We are talking first and foremost about consistent progress
toward concluding a treaty on a 50 percent reduction in
strategic offensive weapons, while retaining the ABM Treaty;
about elaborating a convention on the elimination of chemical
weapons -- here, it seems to us, we have the preconditions for
making 1989 the decisive year; and about talks on reducing
conventional weapons and armed forces in Europe. We are also
talking about economic, ecological and humanitarian problems in
the widest possible sense. [...]
We are not inclined to oversimplify the situation in the world.
Yes, the tendency toward disarmament has received a strong
impetus, and this process is gaining its own momentum, but it
has not become irreversible. Yes, the striving to give up
confrontation in favor of dialogue and cooperation has made
itself strongly felt, but it has by no means secured its
position forever in the practice of international relations.
Yes, the movement toward a nuclear-free and nonviolent world is
capable of fundamentally transforming the political and
spiritual face of the planet, but only the very first steps have
been taken. Moreover, in certain influential circles, they have
been greeted with mistrust, and they are meeting resistance.
The inheritance of inertia of the past are continuing to
operate. Profound contradictions and the roots of many conflicts
have not disappeared. The fundamental fact remains that the
formation of the peaceful period will take place in conditions
of the existence and rivalry of various socioeconomic and
political systems. However, the meaning of our international
efforts, and one of the key tenets of the new thinking, is
precisely to impart to this rivalry the quality of sensible
competition in conditions of respect for freedom of choice and a
balance of interests. In this case it will even become useful
and productive from the viewpoint of general world development;
otherwise; if the main component remains the arms race, as it
has been till now, rivalry will be fatal. Indeed, an ever
greater number of people throughout the world, from the man in
the street to leaders, are beginning to understand this.
Esteemed Mr. Chairman, esteemed delegates: I finish my first
speech at the
United Nations with the same feeling with which I began it:
a feeling of responsibility to my own people and to the world
community. We have met at the end of a year that has been so
significant for the
United Nations, and on the threshold of a year from which
all of us expect so much. One would like to believe that our
joint efforts to put an end to the era of wars, confrontation
and regional conflicts, aggression against nature, the terror of
hunger and poverty, as well as political terrorism, will be
comparable with our hopes. This is our common goal, and it is
only by acting together that we may attain it. Thank you.
Excerpts of Address by
Mikhail Gorbachev
43rd U.N. General Assembly Session
December 7, 1988
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