It is estimated that IVHS-related employment will rise from 21,000 in 1996 to 219,000 in 20 11. By 20 11, employment in the IVHS sector will account for a substantial share of the work force for certain highly skilled occupations. There should, however, be no major difficulty in meeting that demand. The Nation’s declining defense sector could be an important source of scientific, professional, and technical expertise for the IVHS industry. However, IVHS products and services will be deployed, operated, and maintained under conditions that are quite different from traditional defense sector practices, such as building relatively few high-technology products for a single client.¹

Discussions have also taken place between DOT and various elements of the Department of Defense (DOD) and the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) to convert applicable defense technologies to IVHS. Potentially applicable technologies include: high-definition imaging and displays, advanced sensors (e.g., infrared, microwave, acoustic), radar/lidar technologies, simulation modeling, telecommunications, advanced software (e.g., systems control, image processing, and data infusion), artificial intelligence technologies, and vehicle robotics and location systems.

The GPS system. with its network of satellites, IS already a component of many IVHS systems. DOT has been identified to work closely with DOD to facilitate the proper implementation of GPS for civilian use, and to ensure the long-term availability of GPS as a U.S. national asset that would be available to civilian users worldwide.

The defense industry already recognizes the potential of the IVHS program, and some 50 defense organizations are members of IVHS AMERICA, including ARPA, the U.S. Tank and Automotive Command (TACOM), Martin Marietta, and Hughes Aircraft, In addition, over 20 defense community contractors are participating in the AI-IS Precursor Systems Analyses studies and ten defense contractors are involved in the development of the national IVHS system architecture. Continued utilization of the resources represented by the defense and aerospace industry will be instrumental in advancing the national IVHS program and bringing IVHS systems to deployment."

Spy Satellites for Civilian Use ^{4  (bottom of pg 5 - end)}

Commercial Remote Sensing and National Security³
Dennis Jones

In February 2002, Colombian President Andres Pastrana appeared on his nation's television and declared an end to peace negotiations with the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, an insurgent group that the government had been fighting for decades. In supporting his decision, Pastrana held up satellite photographs of clandestine road networks developed in the demilitarized zone in the south of Colombia—a violation, he argued, of the two-year-old peace process. The photos he held up for his nation and the world to witness were not declassified images from a Colombian military satellite, nor were they from any U.S. defense system. They were purchased from a U.S. commercial satellite company.

Pastrana's display of commercial satellite imagery received little notice in the media, which was naturally more concerned with his policy announcements. It was, however, one of the most dramatic manifestations of a policy signed by President Clinton in 1994, Presidential Decision Directive-23, U.S. Policy on Foreign Access to U.S. Remote Sensing Capabilities. Aerospace had a role in implementing that policy and later helped shape the directive that would succeed it.

A Landmark Directive

Presidential Decision Directive-23 (or PDD-23, as it is commonly known) had its roots in the Land Remote Sensing Policy Act of 1992, which established the terms for civil and commercial remote sensing in the U.S. Government. The act designated the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) as the chief regulatory agency for the commercial remote-sensing industry and outlined the general terms and conditions required to obtain a license to operate a remote-sensing satellite in the United States. These included, for example, the submission of on-orbit technical characteristics of the proposed system for NOAA review. The act also stipulated that a licensee "operate the system in such a manner as to preserve the national security of the United States and to observe the international obligations of the United States." These conditions required the government to investigate the ambiguous nexus between technology development and national security and decide on the best course of action. Accordingly, Aerospace began conducting research and analysis to assist the investigation and decision-making process.

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Presidential Decision Directive-23: Land Remote Sensing Policy Act of 1992⁵